Medurance

  URINARY BLADDER Introduction U rinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac and pear-shaped distensible organ that lies on the pelvic floor. Bladder receives urine from the ureters, which are thick tubes running from each kidney down to the superior part of the bladder. Urine is collected in the body of the bladder and it is voided through the urethra. When bladder is full, it exhibits an oval shape and when empty, it is flattened by the overlying bowel and looks like the shape of the pear. The volume of human bladder vary from person to person. Range of the urine that can be held in the bladder is 400 ml to 1000 ml. A normal urinary bladder can hold about 400-600 ml of urine. The muscles of the bladder plays an important role in storage and emptying of urine. During micturition, the bladder wall contains specialized smooth muscles called detrusor muscles. The whole body of the bladder is divided into different sections are as following: apex body  neck fundus apex lies superiorly, point

  KIDNEY Introduction Kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organ present in all vertebrates. It is reddish brown in color, and located in the posterior abdomen. Each kidney is about 4 or 5 inches long. There is difference in the position of both the kidneys. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney due to the presence of liver. They typically extend from T12 to L3. Their main function is to filter and excrete waste products from the blood. They are also responsible for water and electrolyte balance in the body. All of the blood in our body passes through them several times a day. Metabolic wastes and excess electrolytes are transported by the kidneys to form urine. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder by the ureters. It leaves the body via the urethra. Each kidney has around a million tiny filters called nephrons. Nephrons are the functional unit of the kidneys. They are composed of renal tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, the distal convolut

  LIVER Introduction L iver is the largest solid organ and the largest gland in the human body. Liver is reddish brown in color and shapes like a cone or wedge. It is located above the lungs in the right upper abdomen. It weighs about 3 to 3.5 pounds. It is the only organ that can regenerate. Liver is a unique organ because it has a dual blood supply from the portal vein and hepatic artery.  Liver filters all blood supply in the body and breaks down poisonous substances such as alcohol, drugs. Liver produce bile, a fluid that helps digest fats and carry away the waste. Liver performs over 500 vital functions. These include removing waste products and foreign substances from the bloodstream, detoxification, protein synthesis, regulates blood clotting and regulating blood sugar level.  Structure Liver is roughly triangular and consists of four lobes: a larger right lobe and a smaller left lobe and these two lobes are separated by the falciform ligament. The small caudate lobe extends fro

  GALL BLADDER Introduction D igestive system is the means by which tissues and organs receive nutrients to function. The system breaks down food, extracts nutrients from it and converts them into energy. The digestive system allows us to utilize food from diverse sources as meat from an animal and the roots of the plant and utilize them as an energy source. Our digestive system allows us to manage the process without much thought and often while performing other tasks. The process of digestive system is the complex one that takes the food we place in our mouth and turns it into energy and waste products. This process takes place in the gastrointestinal tract. The food is propelled forward within the system, altered by enzymes and hormones into usable particles and absorbed along the way. Other organs that support the digestive process are liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Gallbladder is a small pouch that sits just under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. Bil